Tosi & Warmke (2020)

Tosi, J. & Warmke, B. (2020) ''Grandstanding. The use and abuse of moral talk.'' Oxford University Press


 * (ix) Moral grandstanding: "the use of moral talk for self-promotion".
 * (6) "Moral talk has a job to do. It has a point: to help us become better people, treat others with the respect they deserve, and make our world a better place."
 * (15) "Grandstanding = Recognition Desire + Grandstanding Expression"
 * (17) "Grandstanders seek to elevate their social status, at least within some relevant social network."
 * (17) "... some grandstanders use moral talk for darker purposes. They grandstand to dominate others. They use moral talk to shame and silence others and create fear. They verbally threaten and seek to humiliate. They try to impress people by derogating their rivals, an all-too-common human impulse. Instead of seeking status by trying to elevate their own prestige, they seek status by taking others down a notch."
 * (24) "Interestingly, our self-enhancement is even stronger when it comes to morality. Studies show that we tend to rate our conduct as morally superior to the average person's."
 * (24) "Even violent criminals think their behavior compares favorably tp that of the rest of us. Prisoners rated themselves as above average for every pro-social trait except for law-abidingness, on which they modestly rated themselves as average."
 * (25) "Our moral self-conceptions are very important to us. Much of our live are spent attempting to control the impressions others form of us."
 * (44) "We identify five common ways people grandstand: piling on, ramping up, trumping up, displays of strong emotions, and dismissiveness."
 * (48) "If you go out of your way to sanction people who have the "wrong view," you make a more convincing case that you are a true believer."
 * (69) "Polarization has also affected how we feel about and treat one another. So-called affective polarization refers to the increasing antipathy to those on the "other side.""
 * (70) "The use of moral talk for self-promotion causes people to say and believe things that push people further apart."
 * (72) "Grandstanding-driven polarization causes people to have false beliefs about the world."
 * (76) "To make matters worse, grandstanding-driven polarization also encourages people to be unduly confident about their views, making those views more resistant to correction."
 * (78) "Grandstanding breeds cynicism about moral talk. It leads to skepticism and disillusionment about the sincerity of people's contribution to moral discourse."
 * (89) "... those who are checking out of political discussions are disproportionally moderates."
 * (101) "... when we try to impress our in-groups by showcasing, we will often blame and shame innocent people, whether we believe this is what we are doing or not."
 * (107) Participants are asked how they compare to "average". They are given their own previous scores instead of average scores. Still, they rated themselves better than average.
 * (111) "... we should be wary of the temptation to grandstand to feel better about ourselves. If we do so, we risk feeding into our own delusions, and drifting further and further from an accurate impression of who we are and what we care about."
 * (117) "Moral talk is a tool."
 * (126) "Human beings are motivated by concerns for their legacy, their romantic prospects, and their reputation among those they hold in esteem."
 * (144) "... grandstanding does more than create divisions in a society. It also makes those divisions difficult to overcome by crowding out broad bases of appeal." Lessens chances on a compromise.
 * (149) "Politicians can use ... "fringe-idea grandstanding" to maximize the popular sense of the threat posed by the out-group."
 * (152) "Philosopher Avishai Margalit proposes the idea of a "rotten" compromise ... A rotten compromise is a "compromise we sould never make, come what may.""
 * (157) "As philosophers Guido Pincione and Fernando Teson argue, "people are more likely to believe vivid theories of society," because "they trade on readily available 'evidence' that fits into our unreflective theoretical mindset.""
 * (176) "Implementation intentions can help people reach difficult goals."
 * (180) "The first step in changing a social norm is to correct peoples' beliefs. Specifically, we want to change both factual beliefs and personal normative beliefs."
 * (181) "Step 2: Set a Good Example"
 * (183) "If we want people to stop doing something - like publicly ... grandstanding - we should also introduce sanctions for non-compliance. The goals is for people to know that the response to their grandstanding will be unpleasant."